![]() (2013), in a review on color preference studies, concluded that, in general, more colorful and saturated colors are preferred to less vivid color. Focusing on color saturation, Palmer et al. Hue preferences in adults follows a relatively smooth curvilinear function in which cool colors (green, cyan, blue) are generally preferred to warm colors (red, orange, yellow) ( Palmer et al., 2013). These results were further confirmed by Granger (1955), Dittmar (2001), Bakker et al. This finding agreed with those obtained by Granger (1952) and Guilford and Smith (1959) who found the highest preference ratings for the blue-green hues and the lowest for yellow and yellow-green hues. According to his study the most preferred color was blue, followed by red, green, violet, orange, and yellow. Some of these models are perceptually uniform, and match human-color perception (e.g., Munsell, CIE Lab), whereas others are not perceptually uniform, and were developed to map colors for specific technical domains (e.g., RGB, HSV, HSL, HSB, CMYK).Ĭolor preferences were mainly investigated manipulating hue, starting from the pioneering work by Eysenck (1941) who established a universal preference hierarchy in colors. Many models exist that map colors along these attributes in two-dimensional or three-dimensional spaces. At the lower extreme of saturation lie the achromatic colors gray, black, and white. Saturation (chroma) describes the intensity or purity of a hue, whereas lightness (value) varies according to the relative presence of black or white in the color. Hue is the phenomenological correspondent of wavelength within the visible-light spectrum. Therefore, this architectural setting resulted as an in vivo experiment that allowed a controlled assessment of students’ color preferences, their satisfaction with the color and lightness level of the building they lived in, and their assessment of the building color effect on their mood, studying activity, orienting within the residence.Ĭolors have three basic perceptual attributes: hue, saturation, and lightness ( Hunt and Pointer, 2011). Students were independently assigned to the different colors by the residence administration. The colors were: violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. Each building interior was characterized by a specific color for walls, ceiling, and floor in both common spaces and students’ rooms. This study exploited a unique architectural setting of a university residence hall for long-term student accommodation, composed by six separate buildings that matched for every design feature with the only exception of interior color. A significant relation was found between a calm mood and preference for blue.Īlthough color is a ubiquitous property of every architectural surface, evidence-based research on chromatic preference in architecture and psychological effects of color as a function of the architectural design of a space is still sparse. The use of differentiated colors in the six buildings was evaluated to significantly facilitate orienting and wayfinding. Blue as interior color was considered to facilitate studying activity. ![]() ![]() Room-lightness was significantly affected by the interior color. Gender differences emerged for the preference of blue and violet. A preference bias was found for the specific color in which the student lived. The results showed a preference for blue interiors, followed by green, violet, orange, yellow, and red. Four hundred and forty-three students living in the six buildings for an average of 13.33 months participated in a study that assessed color preference (hue and lightness), lightness preference, and the effects of color on studying and mood. The research exploited a unique architectural setting of a university residence hall composed by six separate buildings that matched for every architectural detail and differed only for the interior color (violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red). 2Department of Surgery, Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.1Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.Marco Costa 1*, Sergio Frumento 2, Mattia Nese 1 and Iacopo Predieri 1
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